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    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>Technological Change</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2002/12/01#technological-change</link>
    <description>

Origins of innovations.  Spread of innovations.  Conditions for their success.
Conditions leading to technological decline.  Conditions leading to
technological stagnation.  Fixing the directions of technological progress.
Origins of systematic research and development.  Economics of R&amp;amp;D.
Psychology of engineering design and technological creativity.  Relations
to &lt;a href=&quot;arch-design.html&quot;&gt;other sorts of design&lt;/a&gt;.

&lt;ul&gt;To Read:
	&lt;li&gt;Philippe Aghion, Nick Bloom, Richard Blundell, Rachel Griffith and
Peter Howitt, &quot;Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0033553053970214&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Quarterly Journal
of Economics&lt;/citE&gt; &lt;strong&gt;120&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 701--728&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Wiebe E. Bijker, &lt;cite&gt;Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Towards a
Theory of Sociotechnical Change&lt;/cite&gt; 
	&lt;li&gt;Branscomb and Auerswald, &lt;citE&gt;Taking Technical Risks: How
Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High-Tech Risks&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Louis Bucciarelli, &lt;cite&gt;Designing Engineers&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;W. Bernard Carlson, &lt;cite&gt;Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu
Thomson and the Rise of General Eletric, 1870--1900&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Subrata Dasgupta, &lt;cite&gt;Technology and Creativity&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Dym, &lt;cite&gt;Engineering Design&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jon Elster, &lt;cite&gt;Explaining Technical Change&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;An Engineer in the Garden of Eden&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Hill, &lt;cite&gt;The Science of Engineering Design&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Petroski
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Evolution of Useful Things&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Invention by Design&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Pool, &lt;cite&gt;Beyond Engineering&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Nathan Rosenberg, &lt;cite&gt;Inside the Black Box: Technology and
Economics&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Peter Rowe, &lt;cite&gt;Design Thinking&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Namati&amp;eacute; Traor&amp;eacute;, &quot;Networks and Rapid Technological
Change: Novel Evidence from the Canadian Biotech
Industry&quot;, &lt;a hrf=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662710500513425&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Industry
and Innovation&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;13&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 41--68&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Thomas Woodson, &lt;cite&gt;Introduction to Engineering Design&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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